UO students who identify their ethnicity as non-white are more likely to consider food an important part of their culture.

Instructions

Lab write-up directions:

For this lab, you will be processing raw responses to the class census in order to test two research hypotheses:

H1: UO students who identify their ethnicity as non-white are more likely to consider food an important part of their culture.
H2: International students at UO are more likely to agree that trying new foods is the best part of traveling.

For the purposes of this lab, assume that the class census was distributed as an online survey to a random sample of UO students. You are aiming to generalize your results to the UO student population as a whole.

To answer your research questions, you will need to organize and categorize the data produced by Qualtrics in an Excel spreadsheet. You will need:

the GEOG391 StudentCensus Sum2019 data file from Canvas
a copy of Excel (available for free via UOregon IT)

We strongly suggest using a word processing application to type up and save your answers before pasting them into Canvas. (This will avoid losing work if Canvas has issues.) Where open written answers are required, please use complete sentences. Approximate length of answer is specified for each question.

Data Analysis Instructions:

1. First, make a folder/working directory on your computer for Geog391 if you don’t already have one. Then save both an original copy of the Excel file (eg “GEOG391 Census Sum2018 LabM4” from Canvas) and a separate, working copyon your computer (eg., “Lab M4_Working copy”). It is easy to accidentally delete data or mix up variables in Excel, so you should get in the habit of saving an original copy that you do not edit.

2. Familiarize yourself with the data. Are the questions in order? What do rows and columns represent? How can you tell which question the responses in each column are answering? What kind of data is in each column? Which columns are ordinal, nominal, etc.?

3. Clean the data. You will only need part of the data to test your hypotheses and answer all the questions in the lab. Delete all the columns (select the entire column by clicking the letter, then “Edit” -> “Delete”) EXCEPT for: Q16_3, Q16_5, Q7, Q10, and Q29.

4. Evaluate non-response. Not all of the respondents that started the census completed it: there are some blank rows in the remaining data. Go ahead and delete those blank lines. (Note: it can be hard to see, but line 44 is missing a response to Q29). How many responses are left? Given the size of the sample (there are 88 students in the class), are there enough non-responses to threaten the validity of the data?

5. Categorize and count. In order to get from the data to a test of the hypothesis, you will have to turn the responses into counts. First, you will set up a cross-tab (See Schutt 2017, 182-185). For Hypothesis 1, we are testing the relationship between the importance of food to culture and ethnicity. Accordingly, your cross-tab will have one variable (importance of food to culture) tabulated against the other variable (ethnicity). In the data we measured “importance of food to culture” using a self-reported indication of agreement with a five-level ordinal ranking, ranging from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree.” We measured ethnicity using a self-reported indicator, using categories drawn from the US 2010 Census. Looking at hypothesis 1, the only ethnic distinction that matters to this question is the distinction between “white” and “other”. Therefore, the crosstab should look like this:

WhiteOther(totals)Strongly agreeSomewhat agreeNeither agree nor disagreeSomewhat disagreeStrongly disagree(totals)

Complete for the first 15 rows of the data.

6. Test the hypothesis (H1). If there is no relationship between ethnicity and the importance of food, then the numbers of respondents of each group who picked each responses should be roughly similar. Here is a complete cross-tab for the whole class:

WhiteOther(totals)Strongly agree132336Somewhat agree14923Neither agree nor disagree639Somewhat disagree213Strongly disagree112(totals)363773

(Note: This was made using an Excel formula complicated enough we’re not going to try to make you do it yourselves for this Lab.)

It looks like white-identifying respondents tended to assign a lower rank to the importance of food to their culture. But is that relationship statistically significant? To see, run a chi-square test using this website (Links to an external site.).

Select the appropriate number of rows (5) and columns (2) in the first screen, and then in the second screen enter the data above. Click calculate. Is the relationship statistically significant? (Hint: look for the p-value.)

The p-value for this crosstab is about ~.22; well short of statistical significance.

8. Reclassify Data. However, our hypothesis doesn’t concern all five points along the Likert scale–it only inquires about the binary difference between agreeing or not agreeing.

Quiz Instructions

Lab write-up directions:

For this lab, you will be processing raw responses to the class census in order to test two research hypotheses:

· H1: UO students who identify their ethnicity as non-white are more likely to consider food an important part of their culture.

· H2: International students at UO are more likely to agree that trying new foods is the best part of traveling.

To answer your research questions, you will need to organize and categorize the data produced by Qualtrics in an Excel spreadsheet. You will need:

· the GEOG391 StudentCensus Sum2019 data file from Canvas

· a copy of Excel (available for free via UOregon IT)

Data Analysis Instructions:

	White	Other	(totals)
Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
(totals)

Complete for the first 15 rows of the data.

	White	Other	(totals)
Strongly agree	13	23	36
Somewhat agree	14	9	23
Neither agree nor disagree	6	3	9
Somewhat disagree	2	1	3
Strongly disagree	1	1	2
(totals)	36	37	73

(Note: This was made using an Excel formula complicated enough we’re not going to try to make you do it yourselves for this Lab.)

7. Repeat for Hypothesis 2. Complete the cross-tab visualizing the relationship between international student status and agreement that food is the best part of traveling. Complete this cross-tab for the first 15 rows of class census data. Note: since Q10 allowed respondents to check all that apply, each cell may have multiple responses: you’ll have to look in each one to see if it includes “international student”.

	International Student	Non-international	(totals)
Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
(totals)

Below is the cross-tab for all of the responses.

	International Student	Non-international	(totals)
Strongly agree	7	34	41
Somewhat agree	4	17	21
Neither agree nor disagree	4	5	5
Somewhat disagree	0	0	0
Strongly disagree	1	1	1
(totals)	16	57	73

The p-value for this crosstab is about ~.22; well short of statistical significance.

8. Reclassify Data. However, our hypothesis doesn’t concern all five points along the Likert scale–it only inquires about the binary difference between agreeing or not agreeing. Add together the counts for the “Strongly” and “Somewhat Agree” rows, and the counts for “Neither agree nor disagree”, “Somewhat disagree”, and “Strongly disagree” rows to create a new 2 x 2 cross-tab (see below). Run the chi-square test again. How has the significance of the result changed?

	International Student	Non-international	(totals)
More than half
Half or less
(totals)	16	57	73

양식의 맨 위

Flag this Question

Question 11 pts

Look at Q7. This question asks “How far, in kilometers, is it from where you are right now to Condon Hall on the University of Oregon campus? (You can use Google Maps to measure it or estimate.)” At what level of measurement is distance usually measured?

nominal/categorical

ordinal

interval/ratio

Flag this Question

Question 22 pts

Looking at the responses to Q7, what do you notice? Was the data collected at the level of measurement you expected? If you were planning on using this data to, for example, determine the average distance from students’ location to Condon Hall, what issues would you encounter? Answer in two to three sentences.

HTML Editor Keyboard Shortcuts

12pt

Paragraph

0 words

Flag this Question

Question 31 pts

Given a class size of 88 and a response rate of 73, we have received enough responses that we do not need to worry about non-response bias undermining the validity of our sample.

True

False

Flag this Question

Question 42 pts

Enter a completed table with a cross-tab of the first 15 rows of data for Hypothesis 1. (You can copy the table from the lab instructions into the response box below.)

HTML Editor Keyboard Shortcuts

12pt

Paragraph

0 words

Flag this Question

Question 51 pts

Enter the p-value you determined for Hypothesis 1.

Flag this Question

Question 62 pts

Enter a completed table with a cross-tab of the first 15 rows of data for Hypothesis 2. (You can copy the table from the lab instructions into the response box below.)

HTML Editor Keyboard Shortcuts

12pt

Paragraph

0 words

Flag this Question

Question 72 pts

Enter a new, complete cross-tab of the data for Hypothesis 2 after you have added together the row counts as instructed to create a new 2 x 2 cross-tab. (You can copy the table from the lab instructions into the response box below.)

HTML Editor Keyboard Shortcuts

12pt

Paragraph

0 words

Flag this Question

Question 81 pts

Enter the second p-value we determined for Hypothesis 2, using the 2 x 2 cross-tab.

Flag this Question

Question 92 pts

How has the p-value changed between the first 5 x 2 cross-tab and the second, 2 x 2 cross-tab? What does this tell you about the relationship between the power of a statistical test and the number of rows and columns? Answer in two to three sentences.

HTML Editor Keyboard Shortcuts

12pt

Paragraph

0 words

Flag this Question

Question 101 pts

A statistical finding is typically considered statistically significant if the p-value is below .05, meaning that there is a less than 95% chance that the result was due to chance. Based on that metric, which of the following statements are accurate summaries of this study’s findings?

There was no relationship found between international student status and agreeing that food is the best part of traveling.

We proved that international students agree that eating new foods is the best part of travel.

There was no relationship found between students identifying as non-white and considering food to be an important part of their culture.

We falsified the hypothesis that students identifying as non-white are more likely to consider food an important part of their culture.

Flag this Question

Question 111 pts

Take a look at the counts in the final 2 x 2 crosstab. Are these numbers consistent with the hypothesis that international students are more likely to agree that food is the best part of travel? Answer in two to three sentences.

HTML Editor Keyboard Shortcuts

12pt

Paragraph

0 words

Flag this Question

Question 122 pts

After working with hypothesis testing in this lab, how has your thinking on your team’s research question changed? Answer in two to three sentences.

HTML Editor Keyboard Shortcuts

12pt

Paragraph

0 words

Flag this Question

Question 132 pts

What are two specific hypotheses that you could test that would help you answer your research question?

양식의 맨 아래

UO students who identify their ethnicity as non-white are more likely to consider food an important part of their culture.

Instructions

"Get 15% discount on your first 3 orders with us" Use the following coupon FIRST15

"Get 15% discount on your first 3 orders with us"
Use the following coupon
FIRST15